K PEOPLES, FIRST OFF SCROLL DOWN TO READ ALL TOPICS AND CLICK ON CONTINUTE READING TO VIEW THE REST OF EACH ARTICLE AND SEE ALL ARTICLES IN THE BLOG ARCHIVE AT THE BOTTOM OF THE PAGE!!! All the free advice I could gather is going on this page, a little at a time, animals, kids, parenting, relationships, family, self-help, sex therapy, first aid and survival, infant swim, farming, gardenning, housekeeping, style, makeup, youth, war, peace, religion, business, computers, too many topics to list...I've been learning from other peoples mistakes since I was 2-3 years old and so, ...proven by me and others I know, I share them in turn with you....FREE!!! Keep updated or subscribe to the blogs on each page, Work is Life, and Life is Work...Tis my job to educate and so I do so!!!I work usually 10-12 hours on the site every day, continuously updating, revising, adding and editting, ...perfecting every single little detail! More especially comming on the big topics, all the worst of type of stuff... disorders, dysfunctions, syndromes, scar tissue removal...etc, etc, etc...I'LL BE PUTTING ALL OF THIS INFORMATION ON VOICE AND VIDEO, TOGETHER AND SEPERATELY FOR THOSE YOUNGINS AND THOSE OF YOU WHO CANNOT READ OR SEE...
Edible Berries...more comming...
Berry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For other uses, see Berry (disambiguation).
Concord grapes, persimmon, red gooseberries, red currants (top)
The botanical definition of a berry is a simple fruit produced from a single ovary, such as a grape or a tomato. The berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire ovary wall ripens into an edible pericarp. The flowers of these plants have a superior ovary formed by the fusion of two or more carpels. The seeds are embedded in the flesh of the ovary.
In everyday English, a berry is a term for any small edible fruit. These 'berries' are usually juicy, round or semi-oblong, brightly coloured, sweet or sour, and don't have a stone or pit, although many seeds may be present.
Many berries, such as the tomato are edible, but others in the same family, such as the fruits of the deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna) and the fruits of the potato (Solanum tuberosum) are poisonous to humans. A plant that bears berries is said to be bacciferous.
Contents[hide] |
[edit] Types of berries
[edit] True berries
.jpg)
The blueberry is a false berry, blackberries are aggregate fruit, and strawberries are accessory fruit.
In botanical language, a berry or true berry is a simple fruit having seeds and pulp produced from a single ovary. The true berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit in which the entire ovary wall ripens into an edible pericarp. The flowers of these plants had a superior ovary and one or more carpels within a thin covering and fleshy interiors. The seeds are embedded in the common flesh of the ovary.
Examples of true berries include
- Grape, Vitis vinifera
- Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum and other species of the family Solanaceae, many of which are commercial importance, such as Capsicum, and aubergine (Solanum melongena) and Wolfberry or Goji berries (Lycium barbarum, Lycium spp.; Solanaceae).
- Barberry (Berberis; Berberidaceae)
- Currant (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae), red, black, and white types
- Elderberry (Sambucus niger; Caprifoliaceae)
- Gooseberry (Ribes spp.; Grossulariaceae)
- Honeysuckle: the berries of some species (called honeyberries) are edible, others are poisonous (Lonicera spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
- Mayapple (Podophyllum spp.; Berberidaceae)
- Nannyberry or sheepberry (Viburnum spp.; Caprifoliaceae)
- Oregon-grape (Mahonia aquifolium; Berberidaceae)
- Sea-buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides; Elaeagnaceae)
[edit] Modified berries, juicy berries
The fruit of citrus, such as the orange, kumquat and lemon, is a modified berry called a hesperidium.
[edit] Not a botanical berry
Many "berries" are not actual berries by the scientific definition, but fall into one of these categories:
[edit] Drupes
Drupes are fruits produced from a single-seeded ovary or achene.
- Hackberry (Celtis spp.; Cannabaceae)
- Açaí (Euterpe), a palm fruit native to the Amazon region
[edit] Epigynous fruits
Epigynous fruits are berry-like fruits formed from inferior ovaries, in which the receptacle is included. Notable examples are the fruits of the Ericaceae, including blueberry, huckleberry and cranberry.
- Bearberry (Arctostaphylos spp.), Crowberry (Empetrum spp.) and Cranberry
- Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea)
- Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo), not to be confused with the actual strawberry (Fragaria)
- Sea Grape (Coccoloba uvifera; Polygonaceae)
- The fruit of cucumbers, melons and their relatives are modified berries called "pepoes".
[edit] Compound fruits
Compound fruits are groups or aggregates of multiple individual fruits, and include:
- Aggregate fruits are multiple fruits with seeds from different ovaries of a single flower, such as blackberry, raspberry, bayberry, and boysenberry
- Multiple fruit, are the fruits of separate flowers, packed closely together. The mulberry, for example, is essentially like a cluster of grapes, but tiny and compressed into one "berry"[1].
- Other accessory fruit, where the edible part is not generated by the ovary, such as the strawberry for which the seed-like achenes are actually the "fruit" derived from the ovary.
.jpg)
- Blackberry, of which there are many species and hybrids, such as dewberry, boysenberry, olallieberry, and tayberry (genus Rubus)
- Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus)
- Loganberry (Rubus loganobaccus)
- Raspberry, Rubus idaeus and some other species of Rubus
- Salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis)
- Thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus)
- Wineberry (Rubus phoenicolasius)
[edit] Color and medical benefits
By contrasting in color with their background, berries are more attractive to animals that eat them, aiding in the dispersal of the plant's seeds.
Berry colors are due to natural plant pigments. Many are polyphenols such as the flavonoids, anthocyanins, and tannins localized mainly in berry skins and seeds. Berry pigments are usually antioxidants and thus have oxygen radical absorbance capacity ("ORAC") that is high among plant foods.[2] Together with good nutrient content, ORAC distinguishes several berries within a new category of functional foods called "superfruits" and is identified by DataMonitor as one of the top 10 food categories for growth in 2008[3].
| Botanical parlance | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| True berry | Pepo | Hesperidium | False berry (Epigynous) | Aggregate fruit | Multiple fruit | Pome | Drupe | Other accessory fruit | ||
| Common parlance | Berry | Blackcurrant, Redcurrant, Gooseberry | Cranberry, Blueberry | Blackberry, Raspberry, Boysenberry | Mulberry | Strawberry | ||||
| Not a berry | Tomato, Eggplant, Guava, Lucuma, Chili pepper, Pomegranate, Kiwifruit, Grape | Pumpkin, Gourd, Cucumber, Melon | Orange, Lemon, Lime, Grapefruit | Banana | Hedge apple | Pineapple, Fig | Apple, Quince, Pear, Rose hip | Peach, Cherry, Date, Mango, Nectarine, Plum, Apricot | Green bean, Sunflower seed | |
[edit] See also
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Berries |
[edit] Notes
- ^ [1]
- ^ Wu X, Beecher GR, Holden JM, Haytowitz DB, Gebhardt SE, Prior RL (2004-06-16). Lipophilic and hydrophilic antioxidant capacities of common foods in the United States. J Agric Food Chem 2004 Jun 16;52(12):4026-37.. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=15186133&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_DocSum. Retrieved 2007-07-31.
- ^ Fresh, super and organic top trends for 2008, FoodNavigator.com-USA, November 2007
[edit] External links
- The National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens – Description of berries
- Encarta.msn.com – Differentiation between true berries, pepos, and hesperidia
- United States National Berry Crops Initiative
- Berry Health Benefits Network – Scientists working on the health properties of berries
| ||||||||
In : Hints and Tips